A study has found that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to live in areas with high levels of air pollution than those without the condition.

The research, which was conducted by the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, analysed data from over 150,000 children aged between five and 18.

The link between air pollution and ADHD

Previous studies have suggested that exposure to air pollution can have negative effects on cognitive development in children. This includes impaired learning and memory, as well as a higher risk of behavioural problems such as ADHD.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.

It affects an estimated 6% to 9% of all children and can have a significant impact on academic and social functioning, as well as mental health.

The exact causes of ADHD are still not fully understood, but it is thought to be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Research has suggested that exposure to air pollution may be one such environmental factor.

Findings of the study

The study found that children with ADHD were more likely to live in areas that exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) guidelines for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) pollution.

These guidelines set standards for the maximum levels of harmful pollutants that can be present in the air.

The researchers also found that the association between air pollution and ADHD was stronger in boys than in girls. This may be due to differences in brain development between the sexes, as well as differences in behaviour and exposure patterns.

The study did not establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between air pollution and ADHD, but the findings add to a growing body of evidence that suggests a link between the two.

Why air pollution is harmful to children’s health

Air pollution is made up of a complex mixture of gases, particles and chemicals, many of which are harmful to human health. Fine particulate matter, for example, can enter the bloodstream through the lungs and cause inflammation in the body.

This can lead to a range of health problems, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer.

Children are especially vulnerable to the effects of air pollution, as their bodies are still developing and their lungs and brains are more susceptible to damage.

Exposure to air pollution during childhood has been linked to a higher risk of asthma, allergies, low birth weight, cognitive impairment and behavioural problems such as ADHD.

What can be done to reduce air pollution?

Air pollution is a global problem that requires action at all levels, from individuals to governments. There are several steps that can be taken to reduce air pollution and protect children’s health:.

1. Reduce car use

Vehicle emissions are a major source of air pollution, especially in urban areas. Reducing car use through walking, cycling, public transport or carpooling can help to reduce emissions and improve air quality.

2. Support clean energy

Investing in clean energy sources such as wind and solar power can help to reduce emissions from power plants and other sources of energy production.

3. Improve public transport

Improving public transport infrastructure, such as increasing the number of buses and trains, can help to reduce car use and encourage people to use more sustainable modes of transport.

4. Promote green spaces

Green spaces such as parks and gardens can help to absorb air pollution and improve air quality, as well as provide other health benefits such as reducing stress and improving mental health.

5. Use cleaner fuel and appliances

Using cleaner fuels such as natural gas instead of coal or wood can help to reduce emissions from heating and cooking. Using energy-efficient appliances and lighting can also help to reduce energy consumption and emissions.

Conclusion

The link between air pollution and ADHD is a significant public health concern, especially for children who are more vulnerable to the effects of pollution.

By taking action to reduce air pollution, we can help to protect the health and wellbeing of our children and future generations.