Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola virus disease has been known to cause occasional outbreaks in African countries, with mortality rates as high as 90%. Historically, these outbreaks have been contained within a few hundred cases and deaths.

However, the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa marked a turning point, with over 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths recorded in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

What is Ebola Virus Disease?

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus. The virus enters the body through broken skin or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes, nose, or mouth.

The virus then travels to various organs in the body, including the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Symptoms of EVD include fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal and external bleeding.

The 2014 Ebola Outbreak: causes and consequences

The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak is believed to have started in December 2013 in Guinea, when an 18-month-old boy was infected with the virus.

The virus then spread to other people who attended the boy’s funeral, eventually reaching Liberia and Sierra Leone. The outbreak was characterized by a slow initial response, limited resources, insufficient healthcare infrastructure, and cultural practices that facilitated the spread of the virus.

As a result of the outbreak, many lives were lost, economies were affected, and healthcare systems were overwhelmed.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in August 2014, and the international community responded with aid and support. The outbreak was eventually contained through a combination of medical interventions, community engagement, and public health measures.

Debunking Myths about Ebola

Despite various efforts to educate people about Ebola, there are still many misconceptions and myths surrounding the disease. Some of the most common myths include:.

Myth #1: Ebola can be spread through the air or water

Fact: Ebola is not an airborne virus. It is spread through contact with bodily fluids of infected people or animals, such as blood, saliva, urine, or vomit.

It can also be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, such as needles or syringes.

Myth #2: Ebola can be cured with traditional medicines or herbal remedies

Fact: There is currently no cure for Ebola, and traditional or herbal medicines have not been proven to cure it. Treatment of Ebola involves supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes, and treating symptoms as they arise.

Myth #3: Ebola is a conspiracy or a hoax

Fact: Ebola is a real and deadly disease that has claimed many lives. The scientific and medical communities are working hard to develop vaccines and treatments to prevent and treat the disease.

Preventing and Controlling Ebola Outbreaks

Preventing and controlling Ebola outbreaks requires a multifaceted approach that involves:.

Surveillance and Early Detection

Early detection of Ebola cases is crucial in preventing and controlling outbreaks. This requires effective surveillance systems that can detect and respond to suspected cases quickly.

Rapid diagnostic tests and laboratory capacity are also necessary for confirming cases.

Infection Prevention and Control

Infection prevention and control measures are essential in stopping the spread of Ebola. These measures include isolating patients, wearing protective clothing, disinfecting surfaces and equipment, and safe burial practices.

Health workers must also receive appropriate training on infection prevention and control.

Community Engagement and Education

Community engagement and education are vital in preventing and controlling Ebola outbreaks.

This involves working with communities to understand their cultural practices and beliefs, promoting safe and hygienic practices, and providing education and information about Ebola and its prevention.

Vaccines and Treatments

The development and deployment of effective vaccines and treatments for Ebola are vital in preventing and controlling outbreaks. Currently, there are two vaccines available that have shown efficacy in preventing Ebola infections.

Treatment options for EVD are still limited, but various experimental treatments are being developed and tested in clinical trials.

Conclusion

Ebola virus disease remains a significant public health threat, and the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa served as a wake-up call for the world.

The outbreak highlighted the need for effective surveillance systems, infection prevention and control measures, community engagement, and research and development of vaccines and treatments. While much progress has been made, there is still much work to be done to prevent and control future outbreaks.