Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths or lumps that form on the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism.

While most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), some may be cancerous and require treatment.

What are the Symptoms of Thyroid Nodules?

Many thyroid nodules do not cause any symptoms and are often discovered during routine physical exams or imaging tests. However, some larger nodules can cause symptoms such as:.

Difficulty swallowing
Hoarseness or voice changes
Neck pain
Breathing difficulties
Thyroid swelling or enlargement
Feeling a lump in the throat

How Are Thyroid Nodules Diagnosed?

Thyroid nodules are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound or a thyroid scan, which can determine the size, location, and composition of the nodule.

A fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may also be performed to collect a small tissue sample from the nodule for further testing.

When Should Thyroid Nodules Be Removed?

The decision to remove thyroid nodules depends on several factors, including:.

The size and location of the nodule
The risk of the nodule being cancerous
The presence of symptoms
The patient’s age and overall health

If a nodule is found to be cancerous, it will almost always require removal. However, if a nodule is benign, the decision to remove it may depend on its size and whether it is causing symptoms.

Types of Thyroid Nodule Removal Procedures

There are two primary types of thyroid nodule removal procedures:.

Thyroidectomy

A thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. If a nodule is located in one lobe of the thyroid, a lobectomy (removal of one lobe) may be performed.

If both lobes are affected or if cancer is present, a total thyroidectomy (removal of both lobes) may be necessary. An experienced surgeon can minimize the risk of complications such as damage to the voice box or parathyroid glands.

Radioactive Iodine Treatment

Radioactive iodine treatment involves swallowing a radioactive iodine pill, which is absorbed by the thyroid gland. The radiation destroys thyroid cells over a period of several weeks, potentially shrinking or eliminating the nodule.

This treatment is typically reserved for patients with hyperactive thyroid nodules (nodules that overproduce thyroid hormones).

Alternative Treatment Options for Thyroid Nodules

For some patients, surgery or radioactive iodine treatment may not be necessary or desirable. Alternative treatment options for thyroid nodules may include:.

Watchful Waiting

If a nodule is small and not causing any symptoms, a doctor may recommend simply monitoring it over time to ensure that it does not grow or become cancerous. Regular ultrasounds or biopsies can help detect any changes.

Medication

Medications such as levothyroxine or thyroid hormone-blocking agents may be used to treat thyroid nodules that are causing hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).

Aspiration

A fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may be used to drain fluid from a cystic (fluid-filled) nodule, reducing its size and relieving symptoms.

The Bottom Line

The decision to remove thyroid nodules depends on several factors, including the size and location of the nodule, the risk of cancer, and the presence of symptoms. For some patients, watchful waiting or alternative treatments may be appropriate.

Patients should consult with an experienced medical professional to determine the best course of action.