Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory tract infection that usually affects infants and young children. It is caused by a virus, the most common of which is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), although other viruses can also be responsible.

Bronchiolitis results in inflammation and swelling of the bronchioles which are the smallest airways in the lungs, making breathing difficult. It most commonly occurs during the winter months, and spreads easily from person to person through close contact with respiratory secretions.

Symptoms of Bronchiolitis

Initial symptoms of bronchiolitis may mimic those of the common cold, including:.

Runny or stuffy nose
Cough
Fever
Irritability

As the illness progresses, the following symptoms may develop:.

Rapid, shallow breathing
Skin pulling in between the ribs or under the ribcage during breathing (retractions)
Wheezing
Bluish color of the skin due to lack of oxygen (cyanosis)
Difficulty feeding

Risk Factors for Bronchiolitis

Some children are at greater risk of developing severe bronchiolitis, including:.

Premature birth
Young age
Heart or lung disease
Weakened immune system

Babies who are exposed to cigarette smoke or attend daycare also have an increased risk of developing bronchiolitis.

Diagnosis of Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is usually diagnosed based on medical history and a physical exam. The healthcare provider may also perform tests, such as a chest X-ray or a swab of nasal secretions, to rule out other conditions and determine the cause of the illness.

Treatment for Bronchiolitis

Mild cases of bronchiolitis can be managed at home with rest and plenty of fluids. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and intravenous fluids.

If the child is having difficulty feeding, a feeding tube may be required. Bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids are generally not effective for treating bronchiolitis caused by RSV or other viruses, although they may be prescribed in some cases to treat associated conditions.

Prevention of Bronchiolitis

There is no specific vaccine available for bronchiolitis, although a medication called palivizumab may be given to prevent severe RSV infections in some high-risk children. To reduce the risk of infection, parents should:.

Wash hands frequently with soap and water
Keep the child away from people who are sick
Discourage sharing of utensils, cups, and other personal items
Keep the child’s toys, bedding, and clothing clean
Avoid exposing the child to cigarette smoke
Get the child vaccinated according to the recommended schedule

When to Seek Medical Attention

Parents should seek medical attention if their child exhibits any of the following symptoms:.

Rapid breathing
Difficulty feeding
Wheezing
Dehydration
Blue lips or nails
Fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
Signs of exhaustion or lethargy

Conclusion

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory tract infection that affects infants and young children. It is caused by a virus, most commonly RSV, and results in inflammation and swelling of the bronchioles, making breathing difficult.

Although bronchiolitis can be mild and self-limiting, it can also be severe and require hospitalization. Parents can help prevent the spread of infection by practicing good hygiene and keeping their child away from sick people. If their child exhibits symptoms of bronchiolitis, parents should seek medical attention promptly.