Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of white blood cells, specifically a type of white blood cell called myeloid cells.

This overgrowth of cells eventually crowds out the normal blood cells, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Causes of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

The exact cause of CML is still unknown, but it has been linked to a genetic mutation known as the Philadelphia chromosome.

This mutation occurs when there is an abnormal exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes, resulting in the formation of an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome. This chromosome carries a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1, which is responsible for the uncontrolled growth of myeloid cells.

Risk Factors for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

While the exact cause of CML is unknown, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors include:.

Age: CML is more commonly diagnosed in adults, with the average age of diagnosis being around 64 years old.
Sex: Men are slightly more likely to develop CML compared to women.
Radiation Exposure: Previous exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as during radiation therapy for a previous cancer, may increase the risk of developing CML.
Family History: Having a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, with CML may slightly increase the risk of developing the disease.
Genetic Factors: Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, have been associated with an increased risk of developing CML.
Chemical Exposure: Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene, has been linked to an increased risk of CML.

Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

The signs and symptoms of CML can vary from person to person. Some individuals may not experience any symptoms in the early stages of the disease, while others may have more noticeable symptoms. Common signs and symptoms of CML include:.

Fatigue or weakness
Unexplained weight loss
Abdominal discomfort or swelling
Easy bruising or bleeding
Feeling full after eating only a small amount
Enlarged spleen
Bone pain or tenderness
Night sweats
Fever
Shortness of breath

Diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

If CML is suspected, a variety of tests may be used to diagnose the disease. These tests may include:.

Complete Blood Count (CBC): This blood test can reveal the presence of abnormal white blood cells.
Peripheral Blood Smear: A small sample of blood is examined under a microscope to determine the number and appearance of different blood cells.
Bone Marrow Biopsy: A small sample of bone marrow is taken and examined to confirm the presence of abnormal cells.
Genetic Testing: A sample of blood or bone marrow may be tested to detect the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome and the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene.

Treatment Options for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

The treatment of CML may depend on the phase of the disease and the overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include:.

Targeted Therapy: Medications, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), are commonly used to target and inhibit the specific proteins produced by the BCR-ABL1 gene.
Chemotherapy: In some cases, chemotherapy drugs may be used to kill cancer cells.
Stem Cell Transplantation: In more advanced cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended to replace the diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis for CML has significantly improved with the advancement of targeted therapy. With proper treatment, many individuals with CML can achieve long-term remission and have a near-normal life expectancy.

The five-year survival rate for CML is now around 90%.