Diabetes is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) due to the body’s inability to produce or use insulin effectively.

While the disease itself is not life-threatening, the complications associated with diabetes can be. Understanding these complications is critical for managing the condition and avoiding serious health problems in the long term.

Cardiovascular Disease

One of the most common and dangerous complications of diabetes is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetes increases the risk of CVD two to four times compared to individuals without the disease.

This is because high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries) and poor circulation. Over time, this can cause heart attacks, stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Kidney Disease

Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease worldwide, accounting for nearly one-third of cases. High blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to filter waste products from the blood.

Over time, this can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplant.

Eye Disease

Diabetic retinopathy is a condition in which high blood sugar levels damage the small blood vessels in the retina, the part of the eye responsible for vision. This can cause vision loss and blindness if left untreated.

Diabetes also increases the risk of other eye conditions, such as cataracts and glaucoma.

Neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur in people with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can damage the nerves that control sensation and movement in the limbs, as well as those that govern the internal organs.

This can lead to numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in affected areas. Neuropathy can also affect digestion, sexual function, and bladder control.

Foot Complications

Diabetes can also increase the risk of foot problems, particularly in people with poor blood sugar control. High blood sugar levels can damage the nerves and blood vessels in the feet, leading to poor circulation, infections, and foot ulcers.

These complications can eventually lead to amputation if left untreated.

Other Complications

Diabetes can also increase the risk of other health problems, such as dental disease, skin conditions, hearing loss, and depression. In addition, people with diabetes are more susceptible to infections, particularly those caused by bacteria and fungi.

Prevention and Management

Preventing and managing diabetes complications requires a multi-faceted approach. This includes:.

1. Blood Sugar Control

Keeping blood sugar levels in the target range can help reduce the risk of complications.

This involves monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, taking medications as prescribed, and making healthy lifestyle choices (such as eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise).

2. Blood Pressure Control

High blood pressure can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes. Controlling blood pressure through medication, diet, and exercise can help reduce this risk.

3. Cholesterol Management

High cholesterol levels can also increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Managing cholesterol through medication, diet, and exercise can help reduce this risk.

4. Regular Screenings

Regular check-ups and screenings can help detect early signs of complications, allowing for prompt and effective treatment.

5. Healthy Lifestyle Changes

In addition to blood sugar control, making healthy lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of complications. This includes eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, not smoking, and limiting alcohol intake.