Spleen cancer, also known as splenic cancer, is a rare type of cancer that begins in the spleen, an organ involved in the immune system and blood filtering.

Spleen cancer can be divided into two types, primary spleen cancer, which starts in the spleen itself, and secondary spleen cancer, which originates from cancers in other parts of the body. Secondary spleen cancer is much more common than primary spleen cancer. However, both types of spleen cancer can be dangerous and potentially life-threatening.

Understanding the risk factors of spleen cancer is important for early detection and timely treatment.

Age and Gender

Spleen cancer can occur at any age. However, older age is a risk factor for developing spleen cancer. The peak age of onset for primary spleen cancer is between 50 and 70 years. Men are more likely than women to develop spleen cancer.

Genetic factors

Genetic factors play a role in the development of spleen cancer. In some instances, spleen cancer can be familial. Li-Fraumeni syndrome, an inherited genetic condition, is a risk factor for developing spleen cancer.

This syndrome makes people more susceptible to cancer because of an inherited mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of developing a range of cancers, including spleen cancer.

Previous cancer treatments

People who have undergone radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both for other cancers are at a higher risk of developing spleen cancer.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells, but it can also damage healthy cells in the surrounding area. This damage may increase the risk of developing spleen cancer. Similarly, chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer cells, can harm healthy cells, which may result in an increased risk of spleen cancer.

Infections

Infections such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) increase the risk of developing spleen cancer. Exposure to these viruses can lead to a range of complications, including liver disease and cancer.

EBV, a type of herpes virus, is known to cause infectious mononucleosis (mono), a common viral infection that can result in spleen enlargement and an increased risk of spleen cancer. Likewise, HCV, which is primarily transmitted through blood, can cause chronic liver disease and increase the risk of liver and spleen cancer.

Autoimmune disorders

Autoimmune disorders such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of developing spleen cancer.

Autoimmune disorders occur when the body’s immune system attacks healthy tissues, which can lead to chronic inflammation and damage to organs and tissues. Chronic inflammation has been associated with the development of several types of cancer, including spleen cancer.

Obesity

Obesity is a risk factor for several types of cancer, including spleen cancer. Obesity increases inflammation in the body, which can cause several chronic health conditions.

Chronic inflammation can damage healthy cells and lead to the development of cancer. Obesity also increases the risk of developing other health conditions such as diabetes, which can contribute to the development of spleen cancer.

Environmental factors

Exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides, smoke, and industrial chemicals can increase the risk of developing spleen cancer. These toxins are known as carcinogens and can cause damage to DNA, which can lead to the development of cancer.

Environmental toxins can also weaken the immune system, making it more vulnerable to infections and chronic inflammation, which can increase the risk of spleen cancer.