Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the exocrine glands, leading to decreased saliva and tear production. The condition primarily affects women, with a female-to-male ratio of 9:1, and typically begins after age 40.

The disease can be diagnosed through various tests, including bloodwork and gland biopsies.

Symptoms of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Many individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome experience dry eyes and mouth, but the disease can also cause a variety of other symptoms, including:.

Joint pain and swelling
Fatigue
Dry skin
Difficulty swallowing or speaking
Tingling or numbness in the extremities
Enlarged parotid glands

Occasionally, Sjögren’s syndrome can cause more severe symptoms, such as inflammation in the lungs, kidneys, or nervous system.

Causes of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Like many autoimmune diseases, the exact cause of Sjögren’s syndrome remains unknown. However, researchers believe that certain factors may contribute to the disease, including:.

Genetics
Hormones
Viral infections
Environmental exposures (e.g., tobacco smoke)

Some individuals may also develop secondary Sjögren’s syndrome in association with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

Treatment for Sjögren’s Syndrome

Currently, there is no cure for Sjögren’s syndrome, but treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options may include:.

Artificial tears and saliva to relieve dryness
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for joint pain
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for inflammation
Corticosteroids for severe symptoms
Immunosuppressants for severe or refractory disease

In addition to medication, individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome may benefit from making lifestyle changes such as avoiding tobacco smoke, staying hydrated, and using humidifiers to alleviate dryness.

Research on Sjögren’s Syndrome

Because the cause of Sjögren’s syndrome is unknown, research efforts have focused on identifying underlying genetic and immunological factors.

Recent studies have found that individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome may have abnormal immune system activity, as well as genetic variations related to immune function.

Other research has focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms of dryness in individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome.

One study found that increased production of a certain type of immune cell, called Th17 cells, may contribute to decreased secretion of saliva and tears.

Living with Sjögren’s Syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome can have a significant impact on an individual’s quality of life, as it can cause chronic dryness and other symptoms that affect daily activities.

However, there are resources available to help individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome manage their disease and improve their well-being. These include:.

Sjögren’s Syndrome Foundation
Support groups
Occupational therapy to assist with activities of daily living
Access to medical professionals with expertise in autoimmune diseases

With proper treatment and support, individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome can lead fulfilling lives despite the challenges of the disease.

Conclusion

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the exocrine glands and causes dryness and other symptoms.

Although the cause of Sjögren’s syndrome is unknown, research efforts are ongoing to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Treatment can help alleviate symptoms, and resources are available to assist individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome in managing their disease and improving their quality of life.