In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a fertility treatment where eggs are retrieved from a woman’s ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a lab.

The resulting embryos are then implanted into the woman’s uterus with the goal of achieving a pregnancy. While IVF has helped many couples achieve their dream of having a child, like any medical procedure, it carries some potential risks and complications.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

One of the most common complications associated with IVF is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). This condition occurs when the ovaries overrespond to fertility drugs used during the IVF process, causing the ovaries to become swollen and painful.

Mild cases of OHSS usually resolve on their own within a few days. However, severe cases can be life-threatening and require hospitalization.

Ectopic pregnancy

Another potential complication of IVF is ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancies can cause serious complications and even be life-threatening.

Women who have a history of ectopic pregnancy or have damaged fallopian tubes are at a higher risk of experiencing this complication.

Multiples pregnancies

IVF significantly increases a woman’s chances of having multiples pregnancies (twins, triplets, or more).

While multiple pregnancies can be a blessing, they also come with increased risks of complications, such as premature labor and delivery, low birth weight, and developmental delays.

Birth defects

Some studies have suggested that IVF may be associated with a slightly higher risk of certain birth defects, such as heart defects and cleft lip/palate. However, the overall risk of birth defects in babies conceived through IVF is still relatively low.

Miscarriage

Like with any pregnancy, miscarriage is a risk associated with IVF. The rate of miscarriage for women who conceive through IVF is about the same as for women who conceive naturally (about 10-20%).

However, women who are older or have a history of miscarriage may be at higher risk.

Ovarian torsion

In some rare cases, fertility drugs used during the IVF process can cause the ovaries to become twisted or “torsed,” causing severe pelvic pain and potentially cutting off blood supply to the ovaries.

This condition is called ovarian torsion and requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent damage to the ovaries.

Bleeding or infection

Like with any medical procedure, IVF carries a risk of bleeding or infection. Women who undergo egg retrieval during IVF are at a higher risk of developing an infection.

Additionally, there is a small risk of bleeding at the site where the needle is inserted to collect the eggs.

Emotional risks

While not a physical complication, it is important to discuss the emotional risks associated with IVF. The IVF process can be stressful, emotional, and challenging for the couples going through it.

It can also be expensive, and not all couples are successful in achieving a pregnancy. This can lead to feelings of disappointment, grief, and depression.

Financial risks

IVF is an expensive fertility treatment that may not be covered by insurance. For couples who are not successful in achieving a pregnancy after one or multiple attempts, the financial burden can become significant.

Conclusion

IVF is a complex fertility treatment that carries some potential risks and complications. However, for many couples struggling with infertility, it provides a chance to have a biological child.

If you are considering IVF or another fertility treatment, it’s important to discuss the potential risks and benefits with your doctor.