Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide.

It is characterized by extreme mood swings, ranging from manic episodes of elevated mood to depressive episodes of sadness and despair. These mood shifts can occur suddenly, disrupting daily life and impacting relationships, work, and overall well-being. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.

In this article, we will explore 14 common symptoms of bipolar disorder and discuss ways to assess your risk.

1. Extreme Mood Swings

One of the hallmark symptoms of bipolar disorder is having dramatic shifts in mood. Individuals with bipolar disorder may experience episodes of mania, characterized by euphoria, intense energy, racing thoughts, and impulsivity.

On the other hand, they may also go through depressive episodes, marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest, and low energy.

2. Increased Activity and Energy

During a manic episode, individuals with bipolar disorder may engage in impulsive and high-risk activities, such as excessive spending, reckless driving, or substance abuse.

They may have an increased need for activity, talk rapidly, and experience difficulties sleeping. These periods of heightened energy and impulsivity can be dangerous and often lead to negative consequences.

3. Decreased Need for Sleep

A common symptom of mania in bipolar disorder is a reduced need for sleep. People experiencing a manic episode may feel restless, not require as much sleep as usual, or find difficulty falling asleep.

Despite this lack of sleep, they may still feel energetic and motivated.

4. Racing Thoughts and Rapid Speech

During manic episodes, individuals with bipolar disorder may experience racing thoughts—having an influx of ideas, often unrelated, running through their mind.

This can lead to rapid speech, where they talk quickly, jump between topics, and have trouble concentrating or staying on track during conversations.

5. Grandiose Beliefs and Delusions

In some cases, people with bipolar disorder may develop grandiose beliefs or delusions during manic episodes. They may believe they possess special powers, have a divine mission, or are exceptionally important.

These delusions significantly impact their behavior and may lead to risky decision-making or conflicts with others.

6. Loss of Interest and Pleasure

During depressive episodes, individuals with bipolar disorder experience anhedonia—a reduced ability to experience pleasure or interest in previously enjoyable activities. They may lose interest in hobbies, social events, or even personal relationships.

This lack of enjoyment contributes to feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

7. Persistent Sadness and Irritability

While depression is a common symptom of bipolar disorder, it can also manifest as irritability or anger. Individuals may feel easily annoyed or agitated, even by minor issues. These feelings may lead to conflict with others and disrupt daily functioning.

Related Article 15 Warning Signs of Bipolar Disorder

8. Changes in Appetite and Weight

Fluctuations in appetite and weight are characteristic of bipolar disorder, with individuals experiencing increased or decreased appetite during manic and depressive episodes.

Moods and emotions can greatly influence eating habits, leading to sudden weight gain or weight loss.

9. Fatigue and Low Energy

Low energy levels and persistent fatigue are common in individuals with bipolar disorder, particularly during depressive episodes. Even simple tasks may feel exhausting, and individuals may struggle with motivation or productivity.

This fatigue can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.

10. Feelings of Guilt or Worthlessness

In addition to low mood and lack of interest, individuals with bipolar disorder may experience persistent feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or self-criticism during depressive episodes.

They may excessively blame themselves for past mistakes or experience negative thoughts about their personal worth and abilities.

11. Cognitive Impairment

Bipolar disorder can also affect cognitive function, leading to difficulties with memory, concentration, and decision-making.

During both manic and depressive episodes, individuals may struggle with processing information, organizing thoughts, and making coherent decisions.

12. Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors

One of the most concerning symptoms of bipolar disorder is the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Those affected by the disorder may contemplate self-harm or have recurrent thoughts of death.

It is crucial to seek immediate help if you or someone you know experiences these symptoms.

Bipolar disorder can significantly impact an individual’s social relationships and work performance.

The erratic mood swings and associated symptoms often disrupt interpersonal interactions and make it challenging to maintain employment or academic responsibilities. Individuals may face challenges in maintaining stable routines and meeting expectations.

14. Family History and Genetic Factors

If you have a family history of bipolar disorder, you may have a higher risk of developing the condition yourself. While genetic factors are not the sole cause of bipolar disorder, they play a significant role in its development.

Understanding your family’s mental health history can help you assess your risk.

If you identify with several of the symptoms mentioned above or believe you may be at risk for bipolar disorder, it is essential to seek professional support.

A mental health professional can conduct a comprehensive evaluation, provide an accurate diagnosis, and guide you towards appropriate treatment options. Remember, early intervention and ongoing management are key to living a fulfilling life with bipolar disorder.