Infertility is a common problem that affects approximately one in eight couples trying to conceive. It is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse.

If you and your partner have been trying to conceive without success for more than a year, it is important to consult a fertility specialist to determine the underlying cause. In this article, we will discuss the top 10 causes of infertility.

1. Age

Age is one of the most significant factors affecting a woman’s fertility. As women age, the quantity and quality of their eggs decline, making it harder to conceive. Women are born with a finite number of eggs, and the number decreases with age.

Female fertility starts to decline after the age of 30, and the decline becomes steeper after the age of 35. By the age of 40, the chance of conceiving naturally is less than 5% per cycle. Men’s fertility also declines with age, but the decline is not as steep as women’s.

2. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries, which can interfere with ovulation.

Women with PCOS often have irregular menstrual cycles and may not ovulate regularly. PCOS is also associated with insulin resistance, which can affect fertility.

3. Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside of the uterus, such as on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other structures in the pelvis.

This can cause scarring and adhesions that can make it difficult for the egg to be fertilized or for the embryo to implant in the uterus. Endometriosis affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and can cause pain and heavy menstrual bleeding.

4. Male Factor Infertility

Male factor infertility accounts for approximately 30% of infertility cases. Male infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or abnormalities in sperm shape or size.

Male infertility can also be caused by hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, or structural abnormalities of the reproductive anatomy.

5. Ovulatory Disorders

Ovulatory disorders are a common cause of infertility in women. These disorders can be caused by hormonal imbalances, thyroid disorders, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Women with ovulatory disorders may have irregular menstrual cycles or may not ovulate at all.

6. Tubal Factor Infertility

Tubal factor infertility occurs when there is damage or blockage to the fallopian tubes, which can prevent the egg from reaching the uterus and the sperm from reaching the egg.

Tubal factor infertility can be caused by pelvic infections, endometriosis, or surgery.

7. Unexplained Infertility

Unexplained infertility occurs when no cause for infertility can be identified after a full evaluation. This accounts for approximately 10-20% of infertility cases, and it can be a frustrating diagnosis for couples who are trying to conceive.

8. Uterine Abnormalities

Uterine abnormalities can interfere with implantation of the embryo or can cause recurrent miscarriages. These abnormalities can include uterine fibroids, uterine polyps, or a septum in the uterus.

9. Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can affect fertility. These disorders can disrupt the hormonal balance needed for ovulation and can also increase the risk of miscarriage.

10. Lifestyle Factors

Lifestyle factors can also affect fertility. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use can all have negative impacts on fertility. Being overweight or obese can also interfere with ovulation and decrease fertility.

Stress and inadequate sleep can also affect fertility in both men and women.

Conclusion

Infertility is a complex issue that can have many underlying causes. By identifying and addressing the underlying cause of infertility, couples can increase their chances of conceiving and starting a family.

If you and your partner have been trying to conceive without success, it is important to consult a fertility specialist to determine the underlying cause and develop a treatment plan.