Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system, and its incidence rate is increasing worldwide.

While the exact cause of endometrial cancer is unknown, there are several known risk factors that increase a person’s likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors can be broadly categorized into three groups: hormonal factors, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions.

Hormonal factors

Hormonal factors play a significant role in the development of endometrial cancer. The primary hormonal factor associated with this cancer is an excess of estrogen, which stimulates the growth of the endometrium.

Women with higher levels of estrogen, either due to natural causes or external factors, have an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer.

1. Early onset of menstruation: Girls who start menstruating before the age of 12 are at a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer than those who begin menstruation later.

This early onset exposes the endometrium to estrogen for a longer period of time.

2. Late onset of menopause: Women who experience menopause after the age of 52 have a higher risk of endometrial cancer.

Late menopause means a longer exposure to estrogen, increasing the chance of abnormal cell growth in the endometrium.

3. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): The use of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy, without progesterone, can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

Combination hormone therapy, which includes both estrogen and progesterone, is less likely to pose a risk.

Lifestyle factors

Several lifestyle factors influence the development of endometrial cancer. These factors are related to our daily choices and habits, and making positive changes can lower the risk of this cancer.

1. Obesity: Obesity is a significant risk factor for endometrial cancer. Excess body fat increases estrogen production, which in turn stimulates the growth of the endometrium.

Maintaining a healthy weight through proper diet and exercise can reduce the risk.

2. Inactivity: Leading a sedentary lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Regular physical activity can help regulate hormone levels and reduce the risk of cancer development.

3. Unhealthy diet: A diet high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables is linked to a higher risk of endometrial cancer.

Eating a balanced diet rich in nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants can provide protection against this cancer.

4. Smoking: Smoking is not only a risk factor for lung cancer but also increases the chances of endometrial cancer. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of various types of cancer, including endometrial cancer.

Medical conditions

Certain medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. These conditions may impact hormone levels or disrupt the normal functioning of the endometrium, leading to the development of cancer.

1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that leads to an imbalance of estrogen and progesterone.

Women with PCOS have a higher risk of endometrial cancer due to the prolonged exposure of the endometrium to estrogen.

2. Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is linked to a higher risk of endometrial cancer. The exact mechanisms underlying this association are still being studied, but it is thought that high insulin levels and insulin resistance play a role.

3. Lynch syndrome: Lynch syndrome is an inherited condition that increases the risk of various types of cancer, including endometrial cancer. Individuals with Lynch syndrome have a genetic mutation that impairs DNA repair mechanisms.

Conclusion

Endometrial cancer is a complex disease influenced by multiple risk factors. Understanding these risk factors can help individuals take preventive measures to reduce their chances of developing endometrial cancer.

Hormonal factors, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions can all contribute to the development of this cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight, leading an active lifestyle, and adopting a balanced diet can have a significant impact on reducing the risk of endometrial cancer.

Regular check-ups and screening for high-risk individuals can also aid in the early detection of this disease.