Infectious erythema, also known as erythema infectiosum or fifth disease, is a viral infection caused by the parvovirus B19.

This common childhood illness typically presents with characteristic symptoms, such as the distinctive rash on the face known as “slapped cheek” appearance. However, infectious erythema can affect individuals of all ages, and its symptoms may vary in intensity and presentation. This visual guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the symptoms associated with infectious erythema.

1. Prodromal Phase

Before the onset of the rash, individuals with infectious erythema may experience a prodromal phase. During this phase, common symptoms include:.

Fever
Headache
Generalized body ache

These symptoms are similar to those of other viral illnesses and may be mistaken for a cold or flu.

2. Facial Rash: Slapped Cheek Appearance

One of the characteristic symptoms of infectious erythema is the appearance of a rash on the face. This rash is often described as a “slapped cheek” appearance due to its red and flushed appearance. The rash may be mildly itchy in some cases.

It typically appears several days after the prodromal symptoms and may spread to other areas of the body over time.

3. Lace-Like Rash on the Body

In addition to the facial rash, individuals with infectious erythema may develop a distinctive lace-like or reticular rash on the trunk, arms, and legs. This rash is typically less pronounced than the facial rash and may come and go intermittently.

It is often more visible in hot conditions or after a hot bath or shower.

4. Joint Pain and Stiffness

In some cases, infectious erythema can cause joint pain and stiffness, particularly in adults. The joints most commonly affected include the wrists, knees, and ankles.

The joint pain may last for several weeks or even months after the other symptoms have resolved.

5. Swelling and Redness of Joints

Along with joint pain and stiffness, individuals with infectious erythema may experience swelling and redness of the affected joints. This inflammation can make it challenging to perform everyday activities, such as walking or holding objects.

Swelling and redness usually resolve as the infection clears up.

6. Itchy and Red Papular Rash

In some cases, a secondary rash may develop on the extremities or trunk. This rash consists of small, itchy, and red papules that are slightly raised from the skin’s surface.

The papular rash may persist for several days or weeks, even after the other symptoms have subsided.

7. Fatigue and Malaise

Like many viral infections, infectious erythema can cause fatigue and general malaise. Individuals may feel tired, weak, and lack energy, especially during the acute phase of the illness. These symptoms typically improve as the infection resolves.

8. Headache and Sore Throat

Headache and sore throat can occur before the onset of the rash or during its early stages. The headache may be mild to moderate in intensity and is often described as a dull ache. The sore throat can be accompanied by a scratchy or tickling sensation.

9. Nausea and Abdominal Pain

In rare cases, individuals with infectious erythema may experience nausea and abdominal pain. These symptoms are more commonly observed in adults than children. The gastrointestinal symptoms are typically mild and self-limited.

10. Reappearance of Rash with Sunlight Exposure

After the initial rash has faded, individuals with infectious erythema may notice its reappearance when exposed to sunlight or heat. This photosensitive rash can reemerge in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

The rash usually resolves on its own within a few days.

Conclusion

Infectious erythema, caused by the parvovirus B19, is a viral infection that primarily affects children but can also affect individuals of all ages.

The symptoms of infectious erythema can vary, but one of the hallmark features is the development of a “slapped cheek” appearance on the face. Additionally, a lace-like rash on the body, joint pain and stiffness, itchy papular rash, fatigue, headache, and nausea may be observed.

If you suspect you or your child has infectious erythema, it is important to consult a healthcare professional, who can provide an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.