Recurrent pregnancy loss, defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions before the 20th week of gestation, affects approximately 1-2% of couples trying to conceive.

The causes of recurrent pregnancy loss can be multifactorial and are often difficult to identify. However, there are certain risk factors that can increase the likelihood of a higher recurrence rate. This article will explore ten common causes of higher recurrence of pregnancies.

Genetic Factors

Genetic abnormalities are a significant cause of recurrent pregnancy loss. Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent may increase the risk of miscarriage.

Structural chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations, inversions, or deletions, can lead to an altered number or arrangement of chromosomes in the fetus. These abnormalities can result in early pregnancy loss, stillbirth, or the birth of a child with birth defects.

It is essential to undergo genetic testing to identify potential chromosomal abnormalities, as it can greatly increase the chances of successful conception and pregnancy.

Anatomical Abnormalities

Anatomical abnormalities in the reproductive system can also contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss. Uterine abnormalities such as septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, or uterine fibroids are potential causes.

These abnormalities can impact implantation and fetal growth, leading to miscarriage. In addition, cervical incompetence, which is the inability of the cervix to remain closed during pregnancy, can also lead to recurrent pregnancy loss.

Hormonal Imbalances

Hormonal imbalances can also contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, and diabetes can disrupt the body’s hormonal balance, leading to miscarriage.

Women with PCOS may have elevated levels of androgens, leading to an imbalance in the ovulatory cycle. Thyroid disorders can lead to hyper- or hypothyroidism, impacting fertility and causing miscarriage. Similarly, uncontrolled diabetes can result in high blood sugar levels that can be harmful to fetal development.

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune disorders occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. These disorders can impact fertility and lead to recurrent pregnancy loss.

Conditions such as lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and thyroid autoimmune disorders can lead to inflammation and blood-clotting disorders. These conditions can interfere with implantation and fetal development, leading to subsequent miscarriage.

Infections

Infections can lead to recurrent pregnancy loss. Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis can interfere with fetal development and lead to miscarriage.

Other infections such as bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections (UTIs) can also increase the risk of miscarriage. It is essential to seek treatment for any infections before attempting to conceive to reduce the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Environmental Factors

Environmental toxins can also contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss. Exposure to toxins such as lead, mercury, and pesticides can interfere with fetal development and increase the risk of miscarriage.

Cigarette smoke and alcohol consumption can also increase the risk of miscarriage. Pregnant women or couples trying to conceive should avoid exposure to these toxins whenever possible.

Advanced Maternal Age

The age of the mother can also increase the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. Women over the age of 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage due to the decline in egg quality and quantity.

As a result, there is an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders in the fetus. These factors can lead to recurrent pregnancy loss.

Male Factor Infertility

Male factor infertility can also contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss. Sperm abnormalities such as low sperm count, poor motility, and abnormal morphology can impact fertility and increase the risk of miscarriage.

Genetic abnormalities in the sperm can also play a role. It is essential for both partners to undergo fertility testing to identify any underlying issues that may impact pregnancy success.

Unexplained Causes

In some cases, the cause of recurrent pregnancy loss may be unexplained. Despite extensive testing and evaluation, a specific cause may not be identified.

However, women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss may still be able to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term with appropriate medical care and support.

Conclusion

Recurrent pregnancy loss can be a challenging and emotional journey for couples trying to conceive.

While the causes of recurrent pregnancy loss can be multifactorial, identifying potential risk factors can help to reduce the likelihood of a higher recurrence rate. Seeking professional medical advice and support can help couples navigate the complexities of recurrent pregnancy loss and increase their chances of a successful pregnancy in the future.