Hiccups are a reflex that occurs when the diaphragm contracts and causes a sudden intake of air into the lungs, which is then rapidly shut off by the closure of the vocal cords. Usually, hiccups last for a short while and are not a cause for concern.

However, sometimes hiccups can become chronic, lasting for weeks, months, or even years. Chronic hiccups can be annoying, disruptive, and even debilitating, especially if they affect your quality of life, sleep, and ability to eat and drink. In some cases, chronic hiccups may be indicative of an underlying medical issue.

Here are some of the medical conditions that can cause chronic hiccups:.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Some gastrointestinal disorders can irritate the diaphragm and cause chronic hiccups. For instance, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause acid reflux into the esophagus and stimulate the diaphragm.

Similarly, hiatal hernia, where a part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, can irritate the diaphragm and cause hiccups. Other gastrointestinal disorders that can cause chronic hiccups include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and pancreatitis.

Central Nervous System Disorders

The central nervous system (CNS) controls the diaphragm and the reflex that causes hiccups. Therefore, disorders that affect the CNS can cause chronic hiccups.

For example, stroke, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, and other neurological disorders can damage the CNS and disrupt the control of hiccups. Similarly, conditions that affect the phrenic nerve, which controls the diaphragm, such as nerve damage or compression, can lead to chronic hiccups.

Respiratory Disorders

Some respiratory disorders can cause chronic hiccups, especially if they affect the breathing rhythm or the oxygen level in the blood.

For instance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can cause breathing difficulties and hypoxia, which can trigger hiccups. Similarly, pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory infections can irritate the diaphragm and cause hiccups. Sleep apnea, a condition where a person stops breathing repeatedly during sleep, can also cause chronic hiccups.

Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic disorders are conditions that affect the metabolism, or the process by which the body converts food into energy and other substances.

Some metabolic disorders can cause chronic hiccups due to their effects on the nervous system or the diaphragm. For example, liver or kidney failure can lead to a buildup of toxic substances in the blood, which can impair the CNS and cause hiccups.

Additionally, electrolyte imbalances, such as low potassium or high calcium levels, can disrupt the nerve impulses that regulate hiccups.

Mental Health Disorders

Some mental health disorders can cause chronic hiccups, although the exact mechanisms are not well understood.

For instance, anxiety disorders, depression, and other mood disorders have been associated with chronic hiccups, possibly due to their effects on the CNS. Similarly, disorders such as Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can cause repetitive behaviors, including hiccups.

Medications and Substances

Some medications and substances can cause chronic hiccups as a side effect or a withdrawal symptom. For example, some antidepressants, steroids, and benzodiazepines can disrupt the CNS and cause hiccups.

Similarly, alcohol, caffeine, and carbonated beverages can irritate the diaphragm and trigger hiccups. Smoking and chewing tobacco can also cause hiccups due to their effects on the respiratory system.

Idiopathic Chronic Hiccups

In some cases, chronic hiccups may not have an identifiable cause, and are labeled as idiopathic. Idiopathic chronic hiccups are relatively rare, and often difficult to treat, as the underlying mechanism is not clear.

However, some researchers speculate that they may be related to neurological or metabolic abnormalities, or to a dysfunction of the reflex that causes hiccups.

Treatment and Management of Chronic Hiccups

If you experience chronic hiccups, it is important to see a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and possible treatment options.

Depending on the cause, the treatment may involve medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these. For instance, if the hiccups are due to GERD, your provider may recommend antacids or proton pump inhibitors to reduce the acid reflux. If they are due to a neurological disorder, your provider may prescribe medications to control the nerve impulses.

If they are due to a metabolic disorder, your provider may recommend dietary changes or medication adjustments.

Some lifestyle changes that may help manage chronic hiccups include stress reduction techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing, avoiding trigger foods and beverages, such as caffeine and alcohol, and eating smaller meals more frequently.

In some cases, alternative therapies such as acupuncture, hypnosis, or biofeedback may also be helpful in managing chronic hiccups.

Conclusion

Chronic hiccups can be a frustrating and disruptive condition that can significantly impair your quality of life. While most hiccups go away on their own, chronic hiccups may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires treatment.

Some of the medical conditions that can cause chronic hiccups include gastrointestinal, neurological, respiratory, metabolic, and mental health disorders, as well as medications and substances. If you experience chronic hiccups, it is important to speak to a healthcare provider to determine the cause and develop a treatment plan that suits your needs.