Hip fractures are a common injury in the elderly population, especially in women. In fact, women experience about 80% of all hip fractures in the elderly population.

Hip fractures can have a significant impact on mobility, independence and can even lead to death in some cases. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors associated with hip fracture in women to reduce the incidence of this serious injury.

Age

Age is the most important risk factor for hip fracture in women. The incidence of hip fractures increases with age, with the highest incidence seen in women aged over 80.

The reason for this is due to a decrease in bone density as we age, which makes our bones more fragile and prone to fracture.

Bone mineral density

Bone mineral density (BMD) is another important factor associated with hip fracture risk in women. Women with low BMD have a higher risk of hip fractures compared to women with normal BMD.

BMD can be measured with a bone density scan, which is a non-invasive test that uses low-dose X-rays to measure the density of bones.

Body mass index

Body mass index (BMI) is the measurement of body fat based on height and weight. Women with low BMI have a higher risk of hip fractures compared to women with normal or high BMI.

This is because BMI is correlated with bone density, and women with low BMI often have lower bone density.

Diet

Diet plays an important role in bone health and can influence the risk of hip fractures in women.

Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D is essential for bone health, and inadequate consumption of these nutrients can increase the risk of hip fractures. Women who do not consume enough calcium and vitamin D are more likely to have low bone density, which increases the risk of hip fractures.

Physical activity

Physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on bone health, and women who engage in regular physical activity have a lower risk of hip fractures compared to women who are sedentary.

Weight-bearing exercises such as walking, jogging, and strength training can increase bone density and reduce the risk of hip fractures.

Falls

Falls are the main cause of hip fractures in women, accounting for more than 95% of all hip fractures.

Women who have a history of falls are at an increased risk of hip fractures, and fall prevention measures such as removing tripping hazards in the home, installing grab bars in bathrooms, and wearing appropriate footwear can reduce the risk of falls and subsequent hip fractures.

Smoking

Smoking is associated with decreased bone density and an increased risk of hip fractures in women. Smoking can also impair bone healing following a fracture, which can lead to complications and slower recovery times.

Alcohol consumption

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of hip fractures in women. Alcohol consumption can reduce bone density and increase the risk of falls, which can lead to hip fractures.

Medications

Some medications can increase the risk of hip fractures in women.

Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are commonly prescribed for a variety of conditions, but long-term use of these medications can reduce bone density and increase the risk of hip fractures. Other medications, such as anticonvulsants and certain antidepressants, have also been associated with an increased risk of hip fractures.

Medical conditions

Medical conditions such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hyperparathyroidism are associated with an increased risk of hip fractures in women.

These conditions can cause a decrease in bone density and increase the risk of falls, which can lead to hip fractures.