Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, inflammation, and deformity.

The condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues, particularly the synovial membrane that lines the joints. While RA primarily manifests in the joints, it can also impact other parts of the body, such as organs, skin, and blood vessels.

Understanding how rheumatoid arthritis shows up is essential for early detection, intervention, and effective management of the condition.

Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Recognizing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis is crucial in diagnosing the condition. Although these symptoms may vary from person to person, and the disease progression differs in every individual, there are common signs and indications of RA.

Here are the primary symptoms:.

1. Joint Pain and Stiffness

One of the earliest signs of rheumatoid arthritis is joint pain, particularly in the small joints of the hands and feet. The pain is often described as deep, aching, and throbbing.

Joint stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity, is also a characteristic feature of RA. Individuals with RA may experience difficulty moving their joints as freely as before, leading to limited range of motion.

2. Joint Swelling

Inflammation of the synovial membrane characterizes rheumatoid arthritis. As a result, affected joints may appear swollen and feel warm to the touch. This swelling can be visible or internal.

In some cases, joints may become significantly enlarged, causing tenderness and pain.

3. Fatigue and General Weakness

Chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis can take a toll on the body, often leading to persistent fatigue and weakened stamina. Patients may experience a constant feeling of tiredness, even after adequate rest and sleep.

The fatigue associated with RA can greatly impact daily activities and quality of life.

4. Morning Stiffness

A specific hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis is the presence of morning stiffness. Affected individuals often wake up with considerable joint stiffness, making it challenging to initiate movement in the morning.

This stiffness commonly lasts for more than an hour and gradually improves as the day progresses. Morning stiffness can be a distinguishing characteristic between rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis.

5. Rheumatoid Nodules

Rheumatoid nodules are firm, non-tender lumps that appear under the skin in about 20% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. These nodules typically develop close to the joints, particularly the elbow, but can also be found in other areas of the body.

While most nodules are harmless, some may become painful or infected.

6. Joint Deformity

If left untreated, rheumatoid arthritis can lead to joint deformity and permanent damage. As the disease progresses, it erodes the cartilage and bone within the joints, causing structural changes and altering joint alignment.

Common deformities associated with RA include swan-neck deformity, boutonniere deformity, and ulnar deviation of the fingers.

7. Systemic Symptoms

Rheumatoid arthritis is not only limited to joint involvement but also affects other parts of the body. Systemic symptoms can include weight loss, low-grade fever, dry eyes and mouth, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

In severe cases, RA can affect the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

8. Eye Problems

Rheumatoid arthritis can cause inflammation in the eyes, leading to dryness, redness, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision. These eye problems require prompt medical attention to prevent further complications and preserve vision.

9. Skin Changes

Some individuals with rheumatoid arthritis may develop skin changes, such as rheumatoid nodules mentioned earlier or rheumatoid vasculitis.

Rheumatoid vasculitis occurs when the small blood vessels become inflamed, leading to skin ulcers, rashes, and purple discoloration. Skin symptoms in RA usually require specialized treatment.

10. Increased Risk of Osteoporosis

Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of developing osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.

Chronic inflammation and the use of certain medications in RA can contribute to bone mineral loss, significantly increasing the likelihood of fractures.

Conclusion

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex and relentless disease that not only affects the joints but also impacts various organs and systems within the body.

While joint pain, stiffness, and swelling are the primary symptoms, individuals with RA may experience systemic manifestations and complications. Early detection and intervention play a crucial role in preventing joint damage, deformity, and progression of the disease.

A multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists, physical therapists, and other healthcare professionals can help manage the symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow disease progression in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.