The prostate-specific antigen or PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland. The PSA level in the blood is used as a marker for the detection of prostate cancer, as well as other prostate-related conditions.

In this guide, we will discuss the normal levels of PSA and what it means when it is elevated.

What is PSA?

PSA is a protein secreted by the prostate gland and is found in semen. It is a type of enzyme that helps to liquefy semen, making it easier for the sperm to move and fertilize the egg.

PSA is produced by both normal and cancerous prostate cells and is released into the bloodstream, where its levels can be measured through a blood test.

Normal PSA Levels

The normal level of PSA in the blood is different for each individual and is dependent on several factors such as age, race, and even the size of the prostate gland.

However, the typical range for a healthy man is between 0 and 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). It is important to note that the higher the PSA level, the greater the likelihood of prostate cancer.

Factors Affecting PSA Levels

There are several factors that can impact PSA levels, including:.

Age – PSA levels increase with age, so older men typically have higher levels.
Prostate size – An enlarged prostate can cause elevated PSA levels.
Prostate infection – A prostate infection or inflammation can cause a temporary rise in PSA levels.
Medications – Certain medications, such as finasteride, can lower PSA levels.

Elevated PSA Levels

Elevated PSA levels are not always a sign of prostate cancer, but they do warrant further investigation. Some common reasons for elevated PSA levels include:.

Age – As mentioned earlier, PSA levels increase with age, so a higher level may simply be a result of aging.
Prostate infection – Prostatitis can cause an increase in PSA levels. This is usually temporary and resolves once the infection is treated.
Enlarged prostate – Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or an enlarged prostate can cause elevated PSA levels. BPH is a non-cancerous condition that is common in men over 50.
Prostate cancer – The most concerning cause of elevated PSA levels is prostate cancer. However, not everyone with an elevated PSA level will have prostate cancer; further testing is needed to make a definitive diagnosis.

Tests for Prostate Cancer

If PSA levels are elevated, further testing is necessary to determine whether the cause is prostate cancer. Some common tests include:.

Digital rectal exam (DRE) – In this test, a doctor inserts a finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland. An abnormal texture or size may suggest prostate cancer.
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) – In this test, a small probe is inserted into the rectum to provide a visual image of the prostate gland. This can help a doctor to identify any abnormal areas.
Prostate biopsy – If cancer is suspected, a small tissue sample may be taken from the prostate gland to be analyzed in a lab.

What to Do If PSA Levels Are Elevated

If PSA levels are elevated, it is important to follow up with a doctor to determine the cause. Depending on the cause, treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery.

It is important to note that not all cases of prostate cancer require immediate treatment; some men may simply need to be monitored closely with regular check-ups.

Conclusion

The PSA level in the blood is a valuable tool for the detection of prostate cancer. While elevated levels can be a sign of cancer, they can also be caused by other conditions such as an enlarged prostate or prostate infection.

Further testing is needed to make a definitive diagnosis. If PSA levels are elevated, it is important to follow up with a doctor to determine the cause and appropriate treatment options.