Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious medical condition characterized by a blockage in one or more arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot traveling from another part of the body.

PE can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. While anyone can develop a pulmonary embolism regardless of age, there are several risk factors that are more commonly seen in individuals over the age of 40.

Recognizing these risk factors can help in early detection and prevention of pulmonary embolism.

1. Sedentary Lifestyle

A sedentary lifestyle, characterized by long periods of sitting or inactivity, can increase the risk of developing blood clots that can lead to pulmonary embolism.

As individuals age, they tend to become less physically active, making them more susceptible to this risk factor. Regular exercise and physical activity can help improve blood circulation and reduce the risk of blood clots.

2. Obesity

Obesity is a significant risk factor for many health conditions, including pulmonary embolism. Excess weight puts additional pressure on the veins in the legs, making blood circulation more difficult.

This can increase the likelihood of blood clot formation and the subsequent risk of a pulmonary embolism. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise is essential for reducing the risk of obesity-related pulmonary embolism.

3. Smoking

Smoking damages the blood vessels and reduces blood flow, increasing the risk of blood clot formation. Individuals over 40 who smoke are at a higher risk of developing pulmonary embolism compared to non-smokers.

Quitting smoking is crucial for overall health and can significantly reduce the risk of pulmonary embolism.

4. Hormone Replacement Therapy

Women over 40 who undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may have an increased risk of developing blood clots, including those that can lead to pulmonary embolism.

In some cases, the benefits of HRT may outweigh the risks, and it’s important for women considering HRT to discuss the potential risks with their healthcare provider.

5. Pregnancy

Pregnancy and childbirth pose an increased risk of blood clot formation due to hormonal changes and increased pressure on the veins in the pelvis.

Women over 40 who become pregnant are at a higher risk of developing pulmonary embolism compared to younger women. Adequate prenatal care and close monitoring can help mitigate this risk.

6. Certain Medical Conditions

Several medical conditions can increase the risk of pulmonary embolism in individuals over 40. Some of these conditions include:.

Cancer: Certain types of cancer and cancer treatments can increase the risk of blood clots.
Heart disease: Conditions such as heart failure or atrial fibrillation can disrupt normal blood flow and increase clot formation.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Individuals with COPD have an increased risk of blood clot formation due to lung damage and reduced oxygen levels.
Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis can cause inflammation, leading to increased clotting risk.

7. Family History

A family history of blood clotting disorders or previous instances of pulmonary embolism can increase an individual’s risk of developing PE themselves.

Genetic factors play a role in clotting tendencies, and individuals with a family history should be aware of their increased risk and take necessary precautions.

8. Surgery or Injury

Individuals over 40 who undergo surgery, especially procedures involving the lower extremities or the abdomen, are at an increased risk of developing blood clots that can lead to pulmonary embolism.

Similarly, injuries that result in prolonged immobilization can also increase the risk. Proper preventive measures, such as blood thinning medications and early mobilization, can help mitigate this risk.

9. Underlying Vascular Conditions

Conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can increase the risk of pulmonary embolism. These conditions can disrupt normal blood flow and promote the formation of blood clots.

Treating and managing these underlying vascular conditions is crucial in reducing the risk of pulmonary embolism.

10. Prolonged Travel

Individuals over 40 who frequently undertake long flights or road trips are at a higher risk of developing blood clots due to prolonged sitting and decreased circulation.

This is commonly referred to as “economy class syndrome” or “traveler’s thrombosis.” Taking breaks, stretching, and staying hydrated during long journeys can help reduce this risk.