Sciatica is a condition that affects the sciatic nerve, which is the longest nerve in the body. This nerve runs from the lower back through the buttocks and down the back of each leg.

When the sciatic nerve becomes compressed or irritated, it can cause pain, numbness, and tingling sensations along its pathway.

1. Lower Back Pain

One of the most common symptoms of sciatica is lower back pain. This pain can vary in intensity and may be felt on one side or both sides of the lower back. It can also radiate down to the buttocks and legs.

2. Leg Pain

Sciatica can cause severe pain that shoots down the back of the leg. This pain typically follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve and can extend all the way to the foot. It may feel sharp, burning, or electric-like.

3. Numbness and Tingling

Patients with sciatica commonly experience numbness or tingling sensations in the affected leg. This can occur in various areas such as the buttocks, thigh, calf, or foot. The sensation is often described as pins and needles.

4. Muscle Weakness

Sciatica can also lead to muscle weakness in the affected leg. This weakness may make it difficult to perform daily activities such as walking, standing, or climbing stairs. It can affect the muscles in the thigh, calf, or foot.

5. Difficulty Sitting or Standing

Individuals with sciatica often find it challenging to sit or stand for prolonged periods. The pain and discomfort can increase when pressure is applied to the lower back or when the sciatic nerve is compressed.

Some individuals may feel relief when lying down.

6. Pain with Movement

Movements that involve the lower back, such as bending, lifting, or twisting, can exacerbate sciatica pain. The pain may intensify due to increased pressure on the sciatic nerve.

Some individuals may need to modify their daily activities to avoid triggering the pain.

7. Pain Aggravated by Coughing or Sneezing

Certain actions, such as coughing or sneezing, can worsen the pain in individuals with sciatica. These actions can increase pressure on the spinal discs, leading to irritation of the sciatic nerve.

As a result, the pain may become more intense temporarily.

8. Pain Relief with Heat or Ice

Applying heat or ice to the affected area can provide temporary relief for sciatica pain. Heat can help relax the muscles and increase blood flow, while ice can reduce inflammation and numb the area.

Individuals may find one method more effective than the other.

9. Difficulty Controlling Bowel or Bladder

In rare cases, severe sciatica can lead to issues with urinary or bowel control. This can occur when the compressed sciatic nerve affects the nerves responsible for bowel and bladder function.

If this symptom occurs, medical attention should be sought immediately.

10. Prolonged Symptoms

Sciatica symptoms can vary from person to person. While some individuals may experience brief episodes of pain, others may have symptoms that last for weeks or even months.

Chronic sciatica can significantly impact a person’s quality of life and may require ongoing treatment.