Selective Eating Disorder (SED), also known as Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), is a relatively new and lesser-known eating disorder.

People with SED have an extremely limited range of foods that they are willing to eat, often restricting their diet to only a few select items. This disorder can have a significant impact on a person’s physical and mental health, as well as their overall quality of life.

Understanding the biology behind SED is crucial in developing effective treatment strategies for individuals suffering from this disorder.

Genetic Factors

Research has suggested that genetics play a role in the development of selective eating disorder. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of eating disorders, particularly restrictive eating patterns, are more likely to develop SED.

This indicates that there may be a genetic predisposition to this disorder, although specific genes have yet to be identified.

Sensory Sensitivities

Another important aspect of SED is sensory sensitivities. Many individuals with SED report having heightened sensory responses to certain tastes, textures, smells, and even colors of food.

For example, they may find certain textures extremely unpleasant or may be overly sensitive to strong flavors. These sensory sensitivities can lead to aversions and avoidance of specific foods, further narrowing the already limited range of acceptable foods for individuals with SED.

Neurological Factors

Neurological factors also contribute to the biology of selective eating disorder. Brain imaging studies have shown differences in brain activation and connectivity in individuals with SED compared to those without.

These differences suggest that there may be underlying neurological mechanisms at play in the development and maintenance of SED.

Anxiety and Emotional Factors

Psychological factors, particularly anxiety and emotional issues, are closely linked to selective eating disorder. Many individuals with SED have heightened anxiety and may experience extreme distress when faced with unfamiliar or disliked foods.

This anxiety can be associated with traumatic food-related experiences or other emotional triggers. Over time, this anxiety reinforces the avoidance of certain foods, perpetuating the restrictive eating patterns.

Gastrointestinal Factors

Gastrointestinal factors may also contribute to the biology of selective eating disorder. Some individuals with SED may have an abnormal gut-brain axis, which can affect their appetite regulation and food preferences.

Related Article Understanding Selective Eating Disorder

Additionally, gastrointestinal discomfort or digestive issues after consuming certain foods can reinforce the aversion and avoidance of those foods.

Nutritional Deficiencies

Selective eating disorder can lead to significant nutritional deficiencies due to the limited variety of foods consumed. This can result in inadequate intake of essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients necessary for proper bodily function.

Nutritional deficiencies can have a wide range of negative health effects, including compromised immune function, impaired growth and development, and increased susceptibility to other health conditions.

Impact on Physical Health

The physical health consequences of selective eating disorder can be severe. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to fatigue, anemia, weakened immune system, and poor bone health.

Additionally, individuals with SED often have poor eating habits, such as skipping meals or relying on highly processed and nutrient-poor foods. These unhealthy eating patterns can further contribute to physical health issues, including weight gain or loss, digestive problems, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

Impact on Mental Health

SED can also have a significant impact on a person’s mental health and overall well-being. Many individuals with SED experience feelings of embarrassment, shame, and social isolation.

They may avoid social gatherings or eating out because of their limited food choices, which can lead to a diminished quality of life and difficulties in social relationships. Additionally, the constant stress and anxiety associated with SED can contribute to the development of other mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety disorders.

Treatment Approaches

Treatment for selective eating disorder often involves a multidisciplinary approach. Therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help individuals challenge and modify their restrictive eating patterns and associated anxiety.

Sensory integration therapy can also be beneficial in desensitizing individuals to aversive sensory experiences related to food. In some cases, nutritional counseling and supplementation may be necessary to address any existing nutritional deficiencies.

Conclusion

Selective Eating Disorder is a complex eating disorder with biological, sensory, neurological, psychological, and gastrointestinal factors influencing its development and perpetuation.

Understanding the biology behind SED is crucial in developing effective treatment strategies and interventions to help individuals overcome this disorder and improve their overall well-being.