Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. PSA levels in the blood can be measured to screen for prostate cancer or to monitor the progression of the disease in men who have already been diagnosed.

What is PSA?

The prostate gland is located in the male reproductive system and produces semen. PSA is a protein that is produced by the cells of the prostate gland.

Small amounts of PSA are normally present in the blood, but higher levels can indicate prostate cancer or other conditions affecting the prostate gland.

Why is PSA testing done?

PSA testing is done to screen for prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men. Prostate cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages, and PSA testing is one tool that can help detect the disease early.

PSA testing is also used to monitor the progression of prostate cancer in men who have already been diagnosed.

What are the normal ranges of PSA?

The normal range of PSA in the blood varies depending on age. Generally, PSA levels increase as men get older. A PSA level of 4 ng/mL or less is considered normal for men under 50 years old.

A PSA level of 5 ng/mL or less is considered normal for men between 50 and 60 years old. For men over 60 years old, a PSA level of 6 ng/mL or less is considered normal.

What factors can affect PSA levels?

There are several factors that can affect PSA levels in the blood. Prostate cancer is one of the most common causes of elevated PSA levels, but other conditions affecting the prostate gland can also cause higher PSA levels. These conditions include:.

Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): enlargement of the prostate gland
Urinary tract infection (UTI): infection in the urinary system
Ejaculation: PSA levels can temporarily increase after ejaculation

What are the risks and benefits of PSA testing?

PSA testing can help detect prostate cancer early, but it is not a perfect test. PSA levels can be elevated for reasons other than cancer, and not all men with prostate cancer have elevated PSA levels.

False positive test results can lead to unnecessary biopsies and additional testing, which can be uncomfortable and carry some risk of complications, including infection and bleeding. Some men with slow-growing, low-risk prostate cancer may undergo unnecessary treatment that can cause side effects, such as impotence and incontinence.

When should I get a PSA test?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question. The American Cancer Society recommends that men make an informed decision about whether to get a PSA test after discussing the risks and benefits with their healthcare provider.

Men who are at increased risk of developing prostate cancer, such as African American men and men with a family history of the disease, may want to talk with their healthcare provider about starting PSA testing at an earlier age.

Conclusion

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is a valuable tool for detecting prostate cancer and monitoring the progression of the disease. PSA levels can be affected by several factors, including age and certain conditions affecting the prostate gland.

Risks and benefits of PSA testing should be carefully considered before making the decision to undergo testing.