Periodic disorders are a group of disorders that affect an individual’s motor, sensory, or autonomic functions in a periodic or recurrent pattern.

These disorders pose a threat to an individual’s daily functioning and hinder their day-to-day activities.

What are Periodic Disorders?

Periodic disorders are a complex neurological disorder that is characterized by recurring episodes of atypical neurological behavior.

These disorders involve unusual levels of activity in different regions of the brain, which results in various physical and psychological symptoms during the episode.

Types of Periodic Disorders

Researchers have identified various types of periodic disorders with distinct symptoms, some of the types include;.

1. Episodic Ataxia

Episodic Ataxia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of ataxia (a lack of muscle coordination) that can last for hours or days at a time.

During these episodes, individuals may experience difficulties walking, speaking, and coordinating their movements.

2. Paroxysmal Dyskinesia

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring episodes of involuntary, often sudden, movements.

During these episodes, individuals may experience muscle spasms, uncontrolled twisting, or jerking movements, and changes in posture.

3. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder is a condition where an individual experiences recurrent episodes of uncontrollable jerking or kicking movements, often during sleep.

These episodes can disrupt sleep, causing excessive daytime sleepiness and resulting in fatigue.

4. Familial Hemiplegic Migraine

Familial Hemiplegic Migraine is a rare type of migraine that is associated with neurological symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.

During a migraine attack, an individual may experience symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, double vision, or loss of balance.

Symptoms of Periodic Disorders

The symptoms of periodic disorders vary depending on the type of disorder and the individual. However, a general list of symptoms include;.

1. Sudden Onset

The onset of periodic disorder symptoms is often sudden and unexpected. Individuals may experience the sudden onset of physical or psychological symptoms without warning or trigger.

2. Recurrent Episodes

Periodic disorders are characterized by recurring episodes of symptoms that last for a specific duration. These episodes can be monthly, weekly, daily, or even hourly, depending on the type of disorder.

3. Atypical Behavior

During the episodes, individuals may experience atypical neurological behavior, including muscle spasms, uncontrollable movements, dizziness, vertigo, or loss of balance. Psychological symptoms may include hallucinations, confusion, or delirium.

4. Fatigue

The recurring episodes of periodic disorders may result in fatigue, which can affect an individual’s daily routine. It may cause difficulty in maintaining focus and attention, leading to poor productivity at work or school.

Causes of Periodic Disorders

The causes of periodic disorders are not clearly understood. However, researchers have identified some factors that may contribute to the development of periodic disorders. These factors include;.

1. Genetics

Many periodic disorders are inherited through a family’s genetic makeup, suggesting that genetics may play a role in their development.

2. Changes in the Brain

Periodic disorders involve unusual activity in the brain, suggesting that changes in the brain’s structure or function may contribute to their development.

Brain lesions, tumors, or damage following a traumatic injury may cause periodic disorders.

3. Environmental Factors

Environmental factors, such as stress, trauma, or exposure to toxins, may trigger or worsen periodic disorders.

Diagnosis of Periodic Disorders

The diagnosis of periodic disorders is challenging since the symptoms are not specific and may resemble those of other conditions. The diagnosis process involves;.

1. Medical History

During the diagnosis process, a physician will evaluate the patient’s medical history, including any family history of neurological disorders, medication history, and lifestyle factors that may trigger symptoms.

2. Physical Examination

A physician may conduct a physical examination to evaluate an individual’s motor, sensory, or autonomic functions and observe any unusual neurological behavior during the episode.

3. Medical Tests

A physician may order medical tests, such as blood tests, MRI scans, or EEG tests, to observe any unusual neurological activity in the brain during an episode and help diagnose the type of disorder.

Treatment Options for Periodic Disorders

Currently, there are no specific treatments to cure periodic disorders. However, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve an individual’s quality of life. The treatment options include;.

1. Medications

Doctors may prescribe medications to manage symptoms during an episode, such as anti-convulsants, anti-psychotics, or beta-blockers, to provide relief to the patient.

2. Lifestyle Changes

Lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms, such as sleep disorders, by promoting regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress-reducing techniques.

Conclusion

Periodic disorders are complex neurological disorders that affect an individual’s motor, sensory, or autonomic functions typically in a recurrent pattern.

These disorders pose a threat to an individual’s daily functioning and hinder their day-to-day activities. Understanding the symptoms and seeking early diagnosis can provide relief to the patient.