Our endocrine system is composed of several glands that release hormones to regulate bodily functions.

One of them is the thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck, which produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that influence metabolism, growth, and development. However, sometimes the thyroid gland doesn’t work properly, either producing too much or too little thyroid hormones, causing a range of health problems known as thyroid disorders.

What are the types of thyroid disorders?

There are several types of thyroid disorders based on their causes and symptoms:.

1. Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid, occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. The symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, depression, and memory problems.

Hypothyroidism is more common in women, people over 60, and those with a family history of thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis.

2. Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, happens when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormones. The symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, irritability, tremors, heat intolerance, and sweating.

Hyperthyroidism is more common in women, people under 40, and those with a family or personal history of thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases like Graves’ disease.

3. Goiter

Goiter is a swelling or enlargement of the thyroid gland that can happen in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The symptoms include a visible or palpable lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and hoarseness.

Goiter can occur due to iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, or side effects of medication.

4. Thyroid nodules

Thyroid nodules are small lumps or growths that form inside the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign and don’t cause any symptoms, but some can be cancerous or produce excess thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid nodules are more common in women and people over 60.

5. Thyroiditis

Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause temporary hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The symptoms include pain in the neck, fever, fatigue, and a general feeling of illness.

Thyroiditis can occur due to viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or after pregnancy.

What are the risk factors for thyroid disorders?

Although anyone can develop a thyroid disorder, some people are at higher risk due to certain factors:.

1. Gender

Thyroid disorders are more common in women than men, especially during pregnancy, menopause, and puberty.

The reason is that female hormones like estrogen can affect thyroid function, and women have smaller thyroid glands than men, making them more vulnerable to changes.

2. Age

Thyroid disorders can occur at any age, but they’re more prevalent in older adults due to the natural decline in thyroid function over time. Hypothyroidism is more common in people over 60, while hyperthyroidism is more common in people under 40.

3. Genetics

Thyroid disorders tend to run in families, implying a genetic link. People with a family history of thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases are more likely to develop thyroid problems themselves.

Moreover, some thyroid disorders like Graves’ disease are caused by mutations in specific genes.

4. Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus can increase the risk of developing thyroid disorders, as they cause the immune system to attack the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and dysfunction.

5. Radiation exposure

Exposure to radiation, especially during childhood or adolescence, can increase the risk of thyroid cancer, goiter, and hypothyroidism later in life.

Radiation can damage the thyroid gland or alter its function, depending on the dose and duration of exposure.

Conclusion

Thyroid disorders are a common and diverse group of health problems that affect the thyroid gland’s function and structure.

They can range from mild to severe, and their symptoms and effects depend on the type, cause, and progression of the disorder. However, some people are more at risk of developing thyroid disorders than others, due to certain factors like age, gender, genetics, autoimmune diseases, and radiation exposure.

If you suspect you have a thyroid disorder or are at risk of it, talk to your doctor to get screened and treated as early as possible.