Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children. It is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, cough, runny nose, and a distinctive rash.

Measles can lead to serious complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of measles cases in various parts of the world, primarily due to a decline in vaccination rates.

Here are some important things parents should know about measles to protect their children and prevent the spread of this potentially dangerous disease.

1. What causes measles?

Measles is caused by the measles virus, specifically the measles morbillivirus. It is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

The virus can survive in the air or on surfaces for a few hours, making it highly contagious. Measles can be contracted by direct contact with an infected person or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus.

2. What are the symptoms of measles?

The symptoms of measles usually appear 10-14 days after exposure to the virus. Initially, there may be fever, cough, runny nose, red and watery eyes, and general malaise.

After a few days, a distinct rash appears, starting from the face and spreading downwards. The rash consists of small, red, raised spots that may merge together. Measles can cause complications such as ear infections, diarrhea, and pneumonia.

3. How is measles diagnosed?

Measles can typically be diagnosed based on the characteristic symptoms and the appearance of the rash. However, laboratory tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other similar conditions.

A blood test can detect the presence of measles antibodies or the measles virus itself.

4. How can measles be prevented?

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. The measles vaccine, usually given as part of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, provides long-lasting immunity against the virus.

The first dose of the vaccine is usually given at 12-15 months of age, with a second dose between 4-6 years. It is important for parents to ensure that their children receive both doses of the vaccine.

5. What are the risks of measles?

Measles can lead to severe complications, especially in infants, young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Pneumonia is one of the most common and serious complications of measles, accounting for a significant number of measles-associated deaths. Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain, is another serious complication that can occur as a result of measles. Other complications include ear infections, bronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup).

Related Article How to treat measles in children

6. Do measles outbreaks still occur?

Yes, despite the availability of an effective vaccine, measles outbreaks still occur in various parts of the world. These outbreaks are often linked to pockets of unvaccinated individuals or communities with low vaccination rates.

Measles can spread rapidly in such populations, leading to large-scale outbreaks. Travelers who are not immune to measles can also bring the virus back to their home countries, contributing to localized outbreaks.

7. What are the complications of measles?

Measles is not a benign illness; it can have serious and long-lasting complications.

In addition to pneumonia and encephalitis, mentioned earlier, measles can also cause subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare and fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system. SSPE typically develops years after a person has had measles, leading to progressive neurological deterioration.

8. Can measles be treated?

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Most cases of measles can be managed with supportive care, including rest, fluids, and over-the-counter fever-reducing medications.

However, individuals with complications or severe cases may require hospitalization and additional treatments, such as antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections or intravenous fluids.

9. What should parents do if their child is exposed to measles?

If a child is exposed to measles, it is important to monitor them closely for symptoms and seek medical attention if symptoms develop.

Parents should inform healthcare providers about potential exposure to measles before going to a healthcare facility to prevent further spread. Measles is highly contagious, and prompt measures need to be taken to reduce the risk of transmission to others.

10. Are there any contraindications or precautions for the measles vaccine?

The measles vaccine is safe for the vast majority of children. However, there are a few contraindications and precautions to consider.

Children who have a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine or any of its components should not receive further doses. Additionally, certain immune-compromising conditions or treatments may warrant a delay or exemption from vaccination.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action based on the child’s specific circumstances.

Conclusion

Measles is a highly contagious and potentially serious viral infection that primarily affects children. Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent measles and its complications.

Parents should ensure that their children receive the recommended doses of the measles vaccine to protect them from this dangerous disease. Timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and adherence to preventive measures are crucial for controlling measles outbreaks and safeguarding the health of children and communities.