Preeclampsia is a potentially serious condition that can occur during pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.

While the exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown, certain factors can increase a woman’s vulnerability to developing this condition during pregnancy. In this article, we will explore these factors and understand who is most susceptible to preeclampsia.

1. First-Time Mothers

Studies have shown that first-time mothers have a higher risk of developing preeclampsia compared to women who have had previous pregnancies.

It is believed that the immune system of first-time mothers may react differently to pregnancy, leading to an increased risk of preeclampsia. However, the risk generally decreases with subsequent pregnancies.

2. Women with a History of Preeclampsia

Women who have previously had preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy are more likely to develop it in subsequent pregnancies. The risk of recurrence varies depending on the severity of the previous preeclampsia episode.

Close monitoring and proper medical care are crucial for women with a history of preeclampsia to ensure a healthy pregnancy.

3. Women with Chronic Hypertension

Chronic hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure before pregnancy or diagnosed before the 20th week of gestation, can increase a woman’s susceptibility to preeclampsia.

This pre-existing high blood pressure can further complicate during pregnancy and lead to preeclampsia.

4. Women with Certain Medical Conditions

Women with certain pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, and conditions affecting blood vessels are at a higher risk of developing preeclampsia during pregnancy.

These underlying conditions can affect the function of various organs, including the placenta, increasing the chances of preeclampsia.

5. Women with Multiple Pregnancy

Women carrying twins, triplets, or higher-order multiples have a higher risk of developing preeclampsia compared to women carrying a single fetus.

The increased demands on the placenta to provide for multiple babies can lead to inadequate blood supply and increased stress on the mother’s body, contributing to the development of preeclampsia.

6. Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain

Obesity and excessive weight gain before or during pregnancy can increase the risk of preeclampsia. Studies have shown that women with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are at a greater risk.

Obesity can contribute to inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction, which are all factors associated with preeclampsia.

7. Maternal Age

Both young and advanced maternal age can be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. Teenage mothers, especially those younger than 18 years old, have a higher risk, likely due to their bodies not being fully developed for pregnancy.

Women over the age of 35 also face an elevated risk, possibly due to underlying health conditions and the natural aging process.

8. Family History

A family history of preeclampsia in a mother or sister increases the risk of developing the condition during pregnancy. Genetic factors may play a role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to preeclampsia.

Women with a family history should inform their healthcare providers to ensure proper monitoring and management of their pregnancy.

9. Assisted Reproductive Techniques

Women who conceive through assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), have a slightly higher risk of developing preeclampsia.

The exact reason behind this association is unclear, but it is believed to be related to factors such as the underlying fertility issues, hormonal changes, and multiple embryo transfers.

10. Race and Ethnicity

Studies have shown that certain racial and ethnic groups have a higher susceptibility to preeclampsia. African-American women, for example, have a higher risk compared to women of other races.

Other groups at increased risk include women of Hispanic, Native American, and South Asian descent. The exact reasons for these disparities remain unknown and may involve genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors.

Conclusion

Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can pose risks to both the mother and baby during pregnancy. While it can affect any woman, certain factors increase the vulnerability to preeclampsia.

First-time mothers, women with a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, certain medical conditions, multiple pregnancies, obesity, advanced maternal age, family history, assisted reproductive techniques, and certain racial and ethnic groups are considered at higher risk. It is essential for pregnant individuals with these risk factors to receive regular prenatal care and be closely monitored by their healthcare providers to ensure early detection and appropriate management of preeclampsia.