Ulcers in the mouth, also known as canker sores or aphthous ulcers, are small painful lesions that can appear on the inside of the cheeks, lips, gums, or tongue. These painful sores can make eating, drinking, and even talking uncomfortable.

Although most ulcers heal on their own within a week or two, understanding the causes can help prevent their occurrence and manage the discomfort they cause.

1. Trauma or Injury

One of the most common causes of mouth ulcers is trauma or injury to the oral tissues. Biting your cheek or tongue accidentally, sharp edges of a broken tooth, or using a toothbrush with hard bristles can all lead to the development of ulcers.

Even dentures that don’t fit properly can cause irritation and ulcers.

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2. Stress and Anxiety

Stress and anxiety can also contribute to the development of mouth ulcers. When you’re stressed or anxious, your immune system weakens, making you more susceptible to various infections, including oral ulcers.

Additionally, stress can lead to habits like teeth grinding or biting nails, which can trigger the formation of ulcers.

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3. Nutritional Deficiencies

Deficiencies in certain essential vitamins and minerals can also increase the likelihood of developing mouth ulcers. Vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and folic acid play important roles in maintaining healthy oral tissues.

A lack of these nutrients can weaken the immune system and impair the healing process, making you more prone to ulcers.

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4. Hormonal Changes

Women may experience mouth ulcers as a result of hormonal changes, particularly during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause. Fluctuations in hormone levels can affect the immune system and increase vulnerability to ulcers.

It’s essential to maintain good oral hygiene and consider hormonal balance during these periods.

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5. Allergic Reactions

In some cases, mouth ulcers can be triggered by allergic reactions to certain foods, oral hygiene products, or medications.

Spicy or acidic foods, such as citrus fruits or tomatoes, can irritate the mouth and lead to the formation of ulcers in susceptible individuals. It’s important to identify and avoid these triggers to prevent recurrent ulcers.

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Related Article Common Reasons for Ulcers in the Mouth (Visual Guide)

6. Autoimmune Disorders

Some autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or Behçet’s disease, can manifest as recurring mouth ulcers. These conditions cause the immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues, including those in the mouth.

Proper management of these underlying conditions is crucial in reducing the frequency and severity of the ulcers.

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7. Viral Infections

Viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV), can also cause mouth ulcers. HSV can result in recurrent cold sores or fever blisters, which are painful fluid-filled sores that develop on the lips or around the mouth.

These ulcers typically heal within 1-2 weeks, but antiviral medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms.

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8. Smoking and Tobacco Use

Smoking and tobacco use can have detrimental effects on oral health and increase the risk of developing mouth ulcers. The chemicals in tobacco can irritate the oral tissues, leading to the formation of ulcers.

Additionally, smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections and heal existing ulcers.

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9. Oral Hygiene

Poor oral hygiene practices, such as infrequent brushing, improper flossing, or neglecting regular dental check-ups, can contribute to the development of mouth ulcers.

Plaque buildup and bacterial infections can irritate the tissues, causing ulcers to form. Maintaining good oral hygiene is essential for preventing various oral health issues, including ulcers.

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10. Medications

Certain medications can have side effects that include the development of mouth ulcers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta-blockers, and some antibiotics are known to cause oral ulcers in some individuals.

If you notice ulcers after starting a new medication, consult your healthcare provider for possible alternatives or management strategies.

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In conclusion, mouth ulcers can be caused by various factors such as trauma or injury, stress, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, viral infections, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and certain medications.

Understanding the underlying causes can help in avoiding triggers and adopting preventive measures. If you experience persistent or unusually large ulcers, it is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.