Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.

People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of mania (an overly elevated or irritable mood) and depression (feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in most activities).

Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.8% of the U.S. population, with the onset typically occurring in adolescence or early adulthood. In this article, we will explore the risk factors associated with bipolar disorder.

Family History and Genetics

Bipolar disorder appears to be more common among people who have a first-degree relative, such as a sibling or parent, with the condition.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), studies of identical twins have shown that if one twin develops bipolar disorder, the other twin has a 90% chance of developing the disorder as well.

However, having a family member with bipolar disorder does not mean that you will definitely develop the condition. Experts believe that multiple genetic and environmental factors interact to create the risk for bipolar disorder.

Brain Structure and Function

Abnormalities in brain structure and function have been associated with bipolar disorder.

Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown that people with bipolar disorder may have differences in the size or function of certain brain structures involved in emotion processing.

Additionally, some research suggests that people with bipolar disorder may have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, which are chemicals in the brain that regulate mood.

Specifically, people with bipolar disorder may have elevated levels of norepinephrine and dopamine during manic episodes and decreased levels of these neurotransmitters during depressive episodes.

Substance Use and Abuse

Substance abuse is a significant risk factor for bipolar disorder. According to the NIMH, as many as 60% of people with bipolar disorder may have a history of alcohol or drug abuse.

While substance abuse does not directly cause bipolar disorder, it can trigger or exacerbate symptoms of the condition. Substance abuse can also make it more difficult to manage bipolar disorder effectively and increase the risk of suicide.

Stressful Life Events

Stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or a major financial setback, can trigger the onset of bipolar disorder.

Experts believe that stress may disrupt the neurotransmitter systems involved in mood regulation, leading to bipolar symptoms.

Additionally, chronic stress can lead to changes in brain function that may increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder.

For example, chronic stress can cause the release of cortisol, a hormone that can damage the hippocampus region of the brain, which is involved in memory and emotion regulation.

Sleep Disruptions

Sleep disruptions are common in people with bipolar disorder. Research has shown that people with bipolar disorder may have disruptions in their circadian rhythm, which is the body’s internal clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

In a study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders, researchers found that disrupted sleep-wake cycles were associated with more severe symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Additionally, sleep deprivation can trigger manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder.

Medical Conditions and Medications

Some medical conditions and medications are associated with an increased risk of bipolar disorder. For example, people with thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases may have a higher risk of developing bipolar disorder.

Additionally, certain medications, such as antidepressants, can trigger manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder.

It is important for people with bipolar disorder to work closely with their healthcare provider to ensure that their medications are properly managed and monitored.

Gender and Culture

Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally, but some research suggests that women may be more likely to experience rapid cycling, which is defined as four or more mood episodes in a year.

Additionally, some studies have suggested that bipolar disorder may be more prevalent in certain ethnic and cultural groups.

Early Intervention and Treatment

While the exact causes of bipolar disorder are not fully understood, it is clear that multiple factors interact to create the risk for the condition.

Recognizing the risk factors associated with bipolar disorder can help individuals and their loved ones understand the importance of early intervention and treatment.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional as soon as possible.

With effective treatment and support, people with bipolar disorder can lead healthy, fulfilling lives.