Endometriosis is a condition that affects women of reproductive age. It occurs when the tissue that lines the uterus begins to grow outside the uterus.

This tissue is called the endometrium and it normally grows within the uterus and sheds every month during menstruation. When it grows outside the uterus, it causes inflammation, scarring, adhesions, and pain.

How Common is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis affects around 10% of women of reproductive age and it is most commonly diagnosed in women between the ages of 25 and 40. However, it can also occur in teenagers and postmenopausal women.

What Causes Endometriosis?

The exact cause of endometriosis is not known. However, several theories have been proposed:.

Genetics: Endometriosis tends to run in families, suggesting that there may be a genetic link.
Retrograde menstruation: This occurs when menstrual blood flows backwards through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvis, carrying with it endometrial cells which may then implant and grow on other pelvic organs.
Immune system dysfunction: Some researchers believe that endometriosis may be caused by an abnormal immune response to the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
Hormones: Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent condition, meaning that it is influenced by the levels of oestrogen in a woman’s body. High levels of oestrogen may encourage the growth of endometrial tissue.

Symptoms of Endometriosis

The most common symptoms of endometriosis include:.

Painful menstrual periods
Pain during sex
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Infertility
Chronic pelvic pain
Bloating, nausea, and diarrhea during menstrual periods
Fatigue

Diagnosis of Endometriosis

Diagnosis of endometriosis usually involves a pelvic exam, ultrasound, and laparoscopy. Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a small camera is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen.

This allows the doctor to view the inside of the pelvis and to take samples of any abnormal tissue.

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Links Between Endometriosis and Infertility

Endometriosis can make it difficult for women to conceive naturally. In fact, around 30% to 50% of women with endometriosis have difficulty getting pregnant. The reasons for this are not fully understood, but there are several theories:.

Endometrial tissue may interfere with the ability of the egg and sperm to meet and fertilize
Endometrial tissue can cause inflammation and scarring which may damage the fallopian tubes or ovaries, limiting their function
Endometrial tissue can alter the chemical environment within the pelvis, making it less conducive to conception

Can Women with Endometriosis Get Pregnant?

Yes, women with endometriosis can get pregnant. However, their chances of conceiving naturally may be lower than women without the condition. The severity of endometriosis does not always correspond with the level of infertility.

Some women with minimal endometriosis may have severe infertility, while others with severe endometriosis may not have a problem conceiving.

There are several treatments for endometriosis-related infertility, including:.

Surgery: Laparoscopic surgery can be used to remove endometrial tissue, cysts, or adhesions that may be blocking the fallopian tubes or ovaries, or interfering with ovulation.
Fertility drugs: Medications such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole can stimulate ovulation and increase the chances of conception.
In vitro fertilization (IVF): This is a procedure in which eggs are fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus. IVF can bypass the fallopian tubes and may be able to overcome the effects of endometriosis.

Conclusion

Endometriosis is a common condition that can cause pain, infertility and other symptoms. Although it can make it more difficult for women to get pregnant, there are treatments available that can increase the chances of conception.

Women with endometriosis who are trying to conceive should talk to their doctor about their options and develop a plan that is tailored to their individual needs.