Vulvovaginitis refers to the inflammation and infection of the vulva and vagina, which is a common condition that affects women of all ages. However, when this condition occurs frequently, it is referred to as recurrent vulvovaginitis (RVV).

RVV is a challenge for both patients and clinicians, and it significantly affects a woman’s quality of life. This article will explore the causes and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginitis.

Causes of Recurrent Vulvovaginitis

The exact cause of RVV is still unknown, but several factors can contribute to its development, including:.

1. Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections are a common cause of RVV. The most common of these infections is bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is caused by an overgrowth of various bacteria in the vagina.

Symptoms of BV include itching, burning, and a grayish discharge with a foul odor. Other types of bacterial infections that can cause RVV include streptococcal infections, staphylococcal infections, and E. coli infections.

2. Fungal Infections

Fungal infections are another common cause of RVV. The most common of these infections is candidiasis or thrush, which is caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus. Symptoms of thrush include itching, burning, and a thick white discharge.

Other types of fungal infections that can cause RVV include aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis.

3. Viral Infections

While less commonly associated with RVV, viral infections such as herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause recurrent inflammation and discomfort in the vulva and vagina.

4. Hormonal Changes

Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during menstruation, can lead to changes in the vaginal pH, making it easier for infectious agents to thrive. Hormonal imbalances associated with estrogen deficiency or menopause can also cause RVV in some women.

5. Allergic Reactions

A woman’s reaction to chemicals, cosmetics, fragrances, and other irritants that come in contact with the vulva and vagina can lead to RVV in some cases.

6. Sexual Activity

Intercourse can cause vulvovaginal irritation, which can lead to RVV in some women. This is particularly true when condoms or lubricants cause an allergic reaction.

7. Chronic Health Conditions

Health conditions such as diabetes, immune disorders, and thyroid dysfunction can impair the body’s ability to fight infection, leading to a higher incidence of RVV.

Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginitis

The treatment of RVV depends on the cause of the infection. However, some general guidelines can be applied to help prevent and treat RVV.

1. Maintain Good Hygiene Practices

Good hygiene practices, such as bathing regularly and cleaning the genital area, can help prevent vaginal infections. You should avoid using scented soaps, douches, and bubble baths that can disrupt the vaginal flora.

You should also wear loose-fitting cotton underwear and trousers that allow air to circulate around the genital area.

2. Avoid Chemicals and Irritants

Avoid using perfumed products like sprays, deodorants, and powders on the genital area. You should also avoid using irritating fabrics like silk and nylon for underwear.

3. Use Barrier Protection during Intercourse

Use condoms during intercourse to prevent STIs and to reduce irritation. Use water-based lubricants that do not contain glycerin or other irritants.

4. Take Probiotics

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the vagina. Eating probiotic-rich foods or taking probiotic supplements can help prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria that can cause RVV.

5. Use Medications as Prescribed

If you are diagnosed with an infection, you should follow your healthcare provider’s instructions for treatment. You should complete the full course of medication, even if your symptoms resolve before the medication is finished.

You should also avoid using medications prescribed for other infections or self-medication that can worsen the infection or lead to resistance.

6. Medications for Specific Infections

The medications prescribed for RVV depend on the type of infection. Antifungal medications like fluconazole are used to treat fungal infections like candidiasis. Metronidazole and clindamycin are used to treat bacterial infections like BV.

Acyclovir or valacyclovir is used to treat viral infections like herpes simplex virus.

7. Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy can help reduce RVV symptoms in women with hormonal imbalances. This therapy involves the use of topical or systemic estrogen to increase vaginal lubrication, reduce dryness, and improve tissue elasticity.

Conclusion

RVV is a common and frustrating condition that can significantly affect a woman’s quality of life. A wide range of infections, allergens, and irritants can cause RVV.

Proper hygiene, avoiding irritants and chemicals, using barrier protection, taking probiotics, and following prescribed medication can help prevent and treat RVV.