Swallowing disorders, also known as dysphagia, can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life.

According to the National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders, there are approximately 15 million people in the United States affected by dysphagia. Dysphagia can occur at any age but is more common in older adults. It can result from a range of underlying causes, some of which are discussed below.

Neurological Disorders

One of the leading causes of swallowing disorders is neurological impairment.

Disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) can cause muscle weakness or spasticity, affecting the ability to swallow. Strokes can damage the parts of the brain responsible for coordinating the swallowing muscles.

Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer, along with radiation therapy to the head and neck, can damage or remove the structures involved in the swallowing process.

This can lead to pain, difficulty swallowing and, in severe cases, liquid or food entering the lungs, known as aspiration.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and peptic ulcers can cause irritation and inflammation of the esophagus and stomach lining, making swallowing painful.

Symptoms such as acid reflux can cause food to come back up into the throat or mouth and lead to aspiration.

Muscular Disorders

Muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and other muscular disorders can cause muscle weakness, making it difficult to chew and swallow food.

The muscles essential for the swallowing process, including the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, can weaken and result in dysphagia.

Medications

Some medications can interfere with the swallowing process, such as those that cause dry mouth or drowsiness.

Anticholinergic medications, often used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, depression, and urinary incontinence, can impact the nerves responsible for controlling the swallowing process.

Respiratory Issues

Respiratory illnesses, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can cause inflammation and infection of the airways.

Swallowing difficulties increase the risk of aspiration, leading to further breathing complications.

Anxiety and Stress

Anxiety and stress can also exacerbate swallowing difficulties. The muscles involved in the swallowing process can become tense, increasing the likelihood of delayed or incomplete swallowing.

Furthermore, the anxiety and stress associated with dysphagia can lead to further psychological issues, such as depression and social isolation.

Structural Abnormalities

Structural abnormalities in the esophagus, mouth, or throat can cause swallowing difficulties. These abnormalities can be present from birth or develop later in life due to injury or disease, such as a cleft palate or esophageal strictures.

Treatment Options

Treatment options for swallowing difficulties depend on the underlying cause of the dysphagia. Speech-language pathologists and neurologists can work together to diagnose and treat swallowing impairments.

Treatment options can include exercises to strengthen the swallowing muscles, surgery to correct structural abnormalities, and changes in diet to avoid foods that are challenging to swallow.

It is crucial to identify the underlying cause of dysphagia to manage complications and improve quality of life. If you have trouble swallowing, talk to your healthcare provider to determine the most effective treatment plan.