Liver failure is a serious condition that occurs when the liver is unable to function properly, causing a range of symptoms and complications.

It is important to recognize the warning signs and understand the causes of liver failure in order to seek immediate medical attention and begin appropriate treatment. In this article, we will explore the common symptoms of liver failure and discuss the various factors that can contribute to its development.

Warning Signs of Liver Failure

1. Jaundice: One of the most noticeable signs of liver failure is the yellowing of the skin and eyes. This occurs when bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells, builds up in the body.

2. Fatigue: Feeling extremely tired or weak without any apparent reason is a common symptom of liver failure. The liver plays a crucial role in converting food into energy, and when it fails, fatigue can result.

3. Abdominal pain and swelling: Liver failure can cause persistent pain and discomfort in the abdominal region. The abdomen may also become swollen due to the accumulation of fluid, a condition known as ascites.

4. Nausea and vomiting: Impaired liver function can lead to digestive problems such as nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, individuals may experience loss of appetite and significant weight loss.

5. Mental confusion: When the liver fails, toxins that the liver normally filters can build up in the bloodstream, affecting brain function. This can lead to confusion, disorientation, and difficulty concentrating.

6. Bleeding and bruising: Liver failure can disrupt blood clotting, resulting in easy bruising or bleeding. Individuals may notice frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or excessive bleeding from minor cuts or injuries.

7. Changes in urine and stool: Liver failure may cause changes in the color of urine and stool. Urine can appear dark or orange while stool may become pale or grayish.

8. Swollen legs and ankles: Fluid retention caused by liver failure can lead to swelling in the legs and ankles. This occurs when the liver is unable to produce enough proteins to maintain proper fluid balance.

9. Itchy skin: Liver failure can cause the skin to become itchy and dry. Itchy skin, also known as pruritus, is often a result of the accumulation of bile salts on the skin surface.

10. Easy bruising: Liver failure can decrease the production of proteins necessary for blood clotting, leading to easy bruising and bleeding.

Causes of Liver Failure

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of liver failure. Understanding these causes is essential in order to prevent or manage the condition appropriately.

1. Chronic Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver over time. If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to liver failure.

2. Alcoholic Liver Disease

Excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption can result in alcoholic liver disease. This condition ranges from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, ultimately leading to liver failure.

3. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

NAFLD is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. This condition is commonly associated with obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In some cases, NAFLD can progress to liver failure.

4. Autoimmune Hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the liver. Over time, this can result in liver damage and, potentially, liver failure.

5. Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Certain medications and drugs, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), can cause liver injury when taken in excessive amounts or for prolonged periods. This can lead to acute liver failure.

6. Inherited Liver Diseases

Genetic conditions like Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can disrupt normal liver function and eventually progress to liver failure.

7. Liver Cancer

Liver cancer, especially when it has spread to multiple parts of the liver, can impair liver function and lead to failure.

8. Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease characterized by the scarring and hardening of liver tissue. If cirrhosis is left untreated or poorly managed, it can eventually result in liver failure.

9. Acute Viral Hepatitis

In some cases, acute viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis A or E) can lead to acute liver failure. This is a rare but life-threatening condition that requires urgent medical attention.

10. Obesity and Diabetes

Obesity and diabetes, particularly when not properly managed, can increase the risk of developing liver disease and potentially progressing to liver failure.